Descartes Meditations Is The Beginning Of Western Philosophy

Descartes Meditations is the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings as still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ Meditations is followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not Descartes truly was able to successfully counter Hobbes’ objections. Hobbes wrote the third set of objections on all six of Descartes’ Meditations, and in some cases making multiple objections within one Meditation. Descartes’ first Meditation concerns those things that can be called into doubt. It is in this mediation that Descartes relays all of which he previously believed in his life that could be false. He, in turn, decides that it would be best if he forgo a ll of his beliefs that could be false and begin again by starting with more certain bases. Descartes discusses his belief that though the senses are what we base our most certain knowledge on, the senses can be deceptive; for example, we sense things in dreams just as we do when we are awake. Hobbes objects to this Meditation by saying if we leave out reason and only take into account our senses, then doubt is what follows; however, Plato had already come out with the idea of sensory deception as it applies to dreams, and so all Descartes isShow MoreRelatedDescartes and Hume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes was a skeptic, and thus he believed that in order for something to be considered a true piece of knowledge, that â€Å"knowledge must have a certain stability,† (Cottingham 21). In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes concludes that in order to achieve this stability, he must start at the foundations for all of his opinions and find the basis of doubt in each of them. David Hume, however, holds a different position on skepticism in his work An Enquiry concerning Human UnderstandingRead MoreEssay on Descartes Meditations1153 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Meditations The way Descartes chose to write this piece literature captivated me. Descartes was a very intelligent man who wanted to make sense of the world he lived in. The format he used was unusual. It seems to me that he may have used this format, which is a replication of the book of Genesis in the Bible, to have a deeper and more profound impact on the reader. There are many similarities between Descartes Meditations and the first book of the Bible, Genesis. ForRead MoreComparing The Matrix With Readings From Plato And Descartes1023 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and contrasting The Matrix with readings from Plato and Descartes This essay will discuss The Matrix, from synopsis of the following; The Republic by Plato, depicting the famous cave allegory, and Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, offering doubt that some senses are accurate. By examining these two readings, and the movie, it will allow the author to show some comparisons, and to show how they are also different as this essay indicates the world is very real. Read MoreThe Philosophy Of Descartes Meditations1698 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Meditations is said to be the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings are still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ meditations are followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not DescartesRead MoreTruth as the Goal of Philosophy Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesTruth as the Goal of Philosophy Truth is the goal of philosophy. Some philosophers, like David Hume, struggle with eliminating falsity, while others, like Rene Descartes, look for causes to explain effects. A cause and effect argument is called a causal argument. Descartes is interested in logic, one truth progressing to the next. Descartes gives a causal argument for the existence of God in Meditation III. He deals with the effect of the idea of absolute perfection in our minds and rationalizesRead More Descartes Method of Doubt Essay2584 Words   |  11 PagesDescartes Method of Doubt In this essay I will assess Descartess employment of his Method of Doubt, as presented in his Meditations on the First Philosophy [Descartes 1641]. I will argue that by implicitly accepting a causal model of perception, Descartes did not apply the Method of Doubt as fully as he could have. The Method of Doubt Descartess principal task in the Meditations was to devise a system that would bring him to the truth. He wanted to build a foundational philosophy;Read More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 PagesHow Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of Pure Enquiry to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why DescartesRead MoreDreaming, By Rene Descartes1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people. Rene Descartes go in depth on this subject and his ideas on what dreaming is arguing that we cannot distinguish the difference between being awake and being asleep. That is a very bold statement and put in a seemingly simplistic way, recorded in his first meditations. What Descartes does is challenge our preconceived notions of dreaming and puts us in the frame of mind to answer for ourselves if we are dreaming right now or are we actually experiencing reality. Descartes makes us come faceRead MoreDreaming, By Rene Descartes1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people. Rene Descartes go in depth on this subject and his ideas on what dreaming is arguing that we cannot distinguish the difference between being awake and being asleep. That is a very bold statement and put in a seemingly simplistic way, recorded in his first meditations. What Descartes does is challenge o ur preconceived notions of dreaming and puts us in the frame of mind to answer for ourselves if we are dreaming right now or are we actually experiencing reality. Descartes makes us come faceRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As

Hall vs. Hilbun Essays - 734 Words

Module 06 Written Assignment Hall Vs. Hilbun Eliza B. Gray Rasmussen College Authors Note: This paper is being submitted on the 18th of March 2013 for the winter semester of Medical Law and Ethics section 05. Hall Vs. Hilbun The case of Hall versus Hilbun is a case in which an exploratory surgery was conducted to try to locate a possible blockage in the small bowel to alleviate abdominal pain. Mrs. Hall went into the hospital complaining of abdominal pain, upon being seen by doctors she was treated by a general surgeon by the name of Dr. Hilbun who stated he thought the pain was due to a blockage in the small bowel and thought an exploratory surgery was deemed appropriate for treatment. Mrs Hall consented to the surgery and at†¦show more content†¦Hilbun alleging that he failed to give attending nursing staff proper care instructions for Mrs. Hall nor had he provided her case with proper post-surgery follow up. Mr. Hall and her lawyers were able to find an expert witness by the name of Dr. Hoerr to provide testimony proving the alleged malpractice. During the trial Dr. Hoerr’s testimony was thrown out and deemed inaccurate due to the fact that he was not familiar with the local standard o f care a patient would receive from a different doctor in the general area. This case is extremely relevant to what is known as the four D’s of negligence; duty, dereliction, direct cause and damages. Duty is when a doctor and a patient have formed a relationship and said doctor has taken on the responsibility of taking care of the patient. Dereliction or failure to perform a duty, there must be some kind of proof that the doctor somehow neglected the doctor neglected the patient. Direct cause, there must be some kind of proof that what happened to the patient was a direct cause of how the doctor conducted himself or his failure to act which resulted in injury. Damages a patient must prove that harm was incurred by the direct result of the physicians actions. Upon reviewing the four D’s I think that it is clear that Mrs. Halls death was not a direct result of Dr. Hilbuns actions or lack of action. While the surgery did result in a sponge being left in Mrs. Hall’s abdomen that sponge did not directly result in

Binsey Poplars And Nutting Comparative Poetry Essay Example For Students

Binsey Poplars And Nutting Comparative Poetry Essay These lessons resonate soundly with modern readers who, due to increased awareness and education, tend to be more concerned with conservation than the poets contemporary readership. In Binges Poplars the poet laments the loss of the poplars that grew along the banks of the Thames, from Oxford to the small village of Binges which were felled in 1879. The poem is a dirge, an elegy for a landscape that Hopkins had known intimately while studying at Oxford, and thus its loss was keenly felt. The poem opens with My aspens dear The excessive pronoun MY and the adjective dear capture from the outset the poets sense of extreme personal loss his cherished and beloved trees are now All felled, felled, are all felled. This dramatic line, with its repetition of the pronoun All and the verb felled is powerful in its sense of grief and sorrow. All is an absolute term, and the triple structure combined with the monosyllabic words creates almost an onomatopoeic effect, the accented syllabic remini scent of the devastating repeated blows of an axe. Further, the alliterative f sound in Of a fresh and following folded ann. sounds crisp and energetic alive, like the trees. In addition, the personification of the trees effectively depicts them as if they are marching in formation tall, dignified and proud which makes the following line all the more distressing as they are: Not spared, not one, likening them to an entire army of soldiers obliterated. The repetition of the absolute determiner Not intensifies Hopkins sense of complete and utter destruction and devastation at the senseless massacre of the trees. The message is clarified in: After-comers cannot guess the beauty been. /Ten r twelve, only ten or twelve/Strokes of havoc unsolved. The poet states that the loss of these trees affects not only the present but also the future. The heavy plosive alliteration of beauty been, effectively captures a sense of finality the loss is irrevocable. Furthermore, the adverb only in only ten or twelve shows how quickly and easily we, humanity, can forever destroy the beauty of nature. The metaphorical Strokes of havoc is highly reminiscent of torture as one envisages lashes of a whip, an extraordinarily painful punishment inflicted on the innocent trees. The noun havoc is suggestive of chaos and disorder, and the employment of such highly emotive diction forces the reader to see the injustice, the criminality of such wanton destruction. Additionally as some critics have noted, the verb unsolved represents the idea of selling Hopkins view that the very being of a natural object is an expression of God. To unsolved thus reflects that even a slight alteration can cause a thing to cease to be what it most essentially is; thus, the whole countryside is unsolved by the loss of the trees, ceasing to be what God intended. Through the poets personal and dramatic portrayal of his loss, the reader is able to appreciate the importance of conservation nature is more than Just trees, it is spiritual and wondrous and should be cherished and valued as an expression of God. Wordsmiths Uniting, presents a recount of an experience from the poets childhood where an innocent Uniting adventure turns into an experience which teaches the poet a valuable and lasting lesson. The day began as heavenly and this powerful adjective immediately creates a magical and otherworldly feel to the situation. The ay sets off with his uniting crook in hand and sallies forth in search of hazelnuts. The verb sallied immediately sets a very purposeful tone, as if the boy is setting out on a noble quest or mission, almost reminiscent of a fairytale hero. However, he is described as force way through the woods until he reaches a dear nook/Unvisited. The verb forced has connotations of him imposing himself on his surroundings in a way that is overbearing and unwanted. The Unvisited nook is pristine virginal perfection, where not a broken bough/Drops with its withered eaves. Rather the hazels rose/Tall and erect, with milk-white clusters hung. The verb rose and the adjectives tall and erect make the trees seem strong, noble and proud, similar to the initial presentation of the trees in Binges Poplars. The milk-white clusters are symbolic of purity and innocence, contributing to his excited exclamation: A virgin scene! The boy stands transfixed, Breathing with such suppression of the heart/ As Joy delights in. The heart is the symbolic centre of all emotion and thus his actively suppress breathing, exacerbated by the intensifier such captures his almost disturbing level of excitement with regard to the purity of this scene. He ini tially banquet with wise restraint. This metaphor presents the scene as a whole as a delicious feast, the prospect of which he is savoring, captured in the adjective wise and noun restraint, which make it sound like it is an effort for him to maintain control, like the temptation may soon overpower him at this point, however, the reader has no idea that nature as a pure and divine force has ignited his insatiable desire to control and tame it. He savors he scene for as long as possible before finally succumbing to his rapacious primal urges. Suddenly he takes action, presented though the purposeful short monosyllabic clause: Then up I rose. The line break after rose is effective in delaying the reader slightly to further heighten the horror which the boy is about to unleash on the scene. He drag to earth both branch and bough and merciless ravage the entire scene. The verb drag is similar to the earlier verb forced which in hindsight foreshadows this display of destruction, dominance and devastation. The hard alliterative b sound in both branch and bough has a similar effect as the repetition of all and felled in Hopkins Binges Poplars in the sense that the repeated plosive captures the destruction in an auditory manner, like the sound of repeated blows. The adjective merciless and the noun ravage are also reminiscent of Hopkins poem in his presentation of the trees as an obliterated army, Not spared, not one. The boy attacks and wreaks havoc on the trees without mercy. The scene is now deformed and sullied beyond recognition, and has patiently succumbed its quiet being to his attack. The adjective sullied has connotations of defilement he has damaged the purity of the scene. The adverb patiently and adjective quiet are poignant in that they capture the inherent tranquility of this scene, abused and tainted by the boys rapacious desire to destroy the innocence of mother nature has been defiled. Edward VI - Young, Gifted and King EssayButler, these lines seem more like an invitation, an invitation for the dearest maiden whom he addresses to partake of the woods, to enjoy them, but not to disturb them. The imperative verb move is encouraging in tone. The respective noun and adjective gentleness and gentle are the poets guiding words he has learnt a valuable lesson which he wishes to share with her. The symbolic reference to heart is indicative of our feelings towards nature, in the sense that we should value nature in an emotional and spiritual sense, as an entity which should be treated with respect, similar to the sentiments presented by Hopkins. Gentle hand is a reference to how we interact with nature; how we must take care not to negatively assert our dominance over it in a way that is undesirable. The final line begins with another imperative verb: Touch, which is followed by both a comma and a dash, which creates an extended pause which allows the reader to let th e word, with its soft t, indicative of lightness, gentleness, caresses, sink in returning us to the initial reverence and wise restraint that had been practiced without understanding. Now the poet fully understands the respect and moderation required of them in their dealings with nature. The final clause, for there is a Spirit in the woods, again presents nature as a spiritual entity, which is further pronounced due to the capitalization of Spirit which makes nature seem alive, mystical and enigmatic. Similar to the ideas presented by Hopkins, the structure and form of Uniting is successful in teaching us to see nature as a pure and divine force which should be treated with great care and consideration. Further effective features employed by Hopkins in Binges Poplars are his use of forceful verbs, rhyme and punctuation. A fine example is exemplified in the lines O if we but knew what we do/When we delve or hew Hack and rack the growing green! The harsh monosyllabic verbs delve, hew, hack and rack are indicative of not only mans destructive influence, but also carry torturous connotations, emphasized further by the internal rhyme of Hack and rack. Furthermore, the poets placement of Hack at the beginning of the line places more emphasis on this violent and vehement verb which has connotations of a frenzied and bloody attack which he applies to the fate of the Binges Poplars, thus effectively condemning their obliteration. The use of the dash following hew before the line break is effective in creating an extended pause, which also contributes to the additional emphasis placed on the violent verb Hack. The exclamation mark following the alliterative growing green! Is effective in u pturning the poets indignation with regard to the loss of the trees. The verb growing, presented in the continuous tense reminds the reader of the fact that nature is not inanimate it is alive and thus it is sinful to destroy it. Additionally, the adjective green is symbolic of health, life, growth and vitality. Clearly this is a poem that examines nature from an ecological point of view. The often heartless industrialization of the nineteenth century prompted Hopkins and others to contemplate what was being lost to cutting and clearing. Hopkins notes how quickly ND unexpectedly such destruction in the name of progress can take place and sees the irony in the finality of such hasty, heedless action. In Uniting, in contrast to Binges Poplars, Wordsmith employs language and techniques to create not only a feeling of intimacy between the boy and his surroundings but also to further develop the virginity of the scene before its untimely destruction. The boy sits beneath the tree and plays with the flowers. Flowers symbolize beauty and vibrancy, life and love. The verb playa sounds harmless, innocent, youthful at this point the boy is imply interacting with the scene. However, critic Adam L. Forsyth has suggested that the flowers symbolize virginity and that the boy play with them, in the active voice is forewarning of the figurative rape of the scene which follows. Also, the boy feels blessed/With sudden happiness beyond all hope. The adjective blessed and the noun happiness presented in the hyperbole are indicative of a complete state of blissful contentment. The narrative then moves into fantasy as the boy imagines fairy water-breaks which murmur on/For ever. This move into the mystical, which s supported by the soft onomatopoeic murmur and the tranquil hyperbole For ever, makes it seem like the scene is some sort of mythical utopia. The boy feels like he sees the sparkling foam, with the adjective sparkling creating a magical and glittering twinkle which gives the scene a sense of brilliance. He places his cheek on green stone fleece d with moss, beneath the shady trees that L round scattered like a flock of sheep. At this point the boy seems at one with the scene as his cheek lies on a green stone, which reflects his apparent closeness with nature. The metaphor fleeced with moss makes the stone seem soft, peaceful, comforting. Furthermore the simile, which compares the trees to a flock of sheep is effective in that this is a pastoral image which has connotations of peace and calm. The boy hears the murmur and the murmuring sounds, and this repetition creates a sort o lulling, lullaby effect which creates an effective contrast with the imminence of the boys sudden compulsion to destroy. Wordsmiths use of this plethora of technique is effective in terms of Juxtaposing the boys deep appreciation of the scene with his seduction of it, which shocks the reader in its intense violence.

Tony Kytes the arch

Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver by Thomas Hardy Essay This Short story is about a deceiver named Tony Kytes. Tony Kytes is person who deceives three women. Milly Richards, Unity Sallet and Hannah Joliver. The story begins in the countryside with Kytes riding his horse and wagon until he comes upon a maid-Unity Sallet who he takes on the wagon and gives her a ride. She asks Tony why she ever went out with Milly. Tony saw and admired how nice she looked, he then promised Unity marriage and asked her to hide in the wagon as he saw Milly coming his way. He gave Milly a ride and both spoke about the future. He again told Milly to hide, as the maid coming was a bride he was supposed to marry but rejected her. He then took that maid-Hannah Joliver and then they started talking of how beautiful they were and Kytes promised yet again marriage. Soon he saw his father in the fields and told him about the mess he caught himself in. soon the three maids found about each other in the wagon and they started to quarrel. We will write a custom essay on Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver by Thomas Hardy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tony came up and said to the three that he will only marry Hannah but this time she rejected as she cut herself and the he said to Unity to be his bride, she too rejected because she wanted to be asked first and following from what his dad said he ended up with Milly whom he was first with and Milly forgave him. Tony is an arch-deceiver, he deceives three women and ends up marrying the first maid whom he was suppose to marry anyway. His face is described as a round, tight firm face. We know that Tony was good looking but thinks his face has been spoilt by a seam here and there left by the small pox, these are scars, which he had by the small pox. The book quotes when he is flirting with one of the maids, we also know that he is easily flattened as Unity tells Tony some home truths, and youve never seen anything in me to complain about have ye Tony? Now tell me the truth. Here Tony was struck as he looks up to Unity and saw how beautiful she was, although this is true Tony is able to flatten people himself as for example Hannah, Milly and Unity. Tony is also conceits, he was shocked when he was rejected by Hannah and Unity as it says what you wont have me Hannah The book writes a simile of how Tony may have looked, and Tony looking like trees struck by lighting. Tony shows himself as a flirt as he goes, that I will darling and goes on to say, you dont suppose I could refuse ee? , he spoke this out to Unity Sallet as she was the first maid to come upon Tony. The setting of the story is in the early 19th century, although this is not mentioned in the story we know that it was set then because Tony had the marks of the small pox, which happened in the duration of his time. Another part of the story helps us in the setting as Milly was wearing a feather in her hat and women rarely wear hats except for purpose occasions such as weddings or funerals etc. We have evidence that it was then as it was set in the countryside for one reason and the second was Tony was riding a horse and wagon. This is sufficient evidence to back my work up. .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .postImageUrl , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:visited , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:active { border:0!important; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:active , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay Compare and was driving home the wagon in the afternoon, this quote does not actually tell us that it was pulled by a horse or not, but near the end of the piece just before he was about to pick up Hannah it says, and he reigned the horse and waited till shed come downstairs. This proves that the story was set in the 19th century. Thomas Hardy uses a typical dialect and accent to produce a normal but realistic character. The difference between an accent and a dialect is that an accent produces a different pronunciation of words. Hardy uses a lot of shortened words such as it was to twas. He also physically changed a physical word from you to thee and unusual to onusual. Thomas Hardy also uses bad grammar. We have an example of how uses bad grammar in his book of Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver. It quotes in the book had it badish. Instead of using correct English he decides to twist the language to his satisfactory. Dialect is also used in the story. Dialect is when you use a word, which would only be understood in one part of the country. Tony is said to use dialect near the end of the story where he is with his father and he says that he is in a nunny watch. This means he is in a bit pf a state (a mess). In the story Tony Kytes The Arch-Deceiver there is quite a bit of humour. The story starts of with humour when he sings rude song in a religious manner. This amuses you as he turns a normal song and sings it like a hymn. The main part of the story is very humorous as when you see that Tony comes pass and decides to give a lift (ride) to his ex-girlfriend and his soon to be wife comes on the scene and he tells Unity to hide in the wagon. He then chats to Milly then she hides as another maid came a person who he rejected for marriage came. This is very funny as three women came upon Tony and two hide. In the end I dont think Tony should have the privilege to take on any of the three maids on for marriage of what he did to Milly but she decided to go back to him. Tony does not really deserve anybody. Farhaan Mahamood Tony Kytes The Arch-Deceiver English Coursework 1 Mrs Kenworthy.

Parola Island The Pink Beach of Camarines Norte free essay sample

A secret paradise in Camarines Norte. This island have white sand, crystal water and mini virgin forest. The peacefulness, the the unforgettable experience and simpleness of this island was unforgettable place in your life.No one is island but this island is the one of the best island Ive ever seen. (Paki correct na lang). This is Calalanay Island in Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte. If you want to escape the reality, forget any stress, heartbreak in your life, and to make a new and unforgettable memory it is the best place for you.Calalanay Island is located in Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte. A landmark dotted by magnificent tress and verdant grass fringed by white sand, the island offers sufficient spot shade and flat surfaces for any one to pitch a tent.To reachable the island its take time to travel around one (1) hour to see the secret paradise in Jose Panganiban. We will write a custom essay sample on Parola Island: The Pink Beach of Camarines Norte or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You injoy the the white sand and especially the blue-green water its means the beach its to deep.There are no resorts on the island so you definitely have to bring your own survival kit items and food. Youd have to bring these, if necessary.†¢ Tent, umbrella, protective under layers, hammock†¢ Food and water containers†¢ Flashlight, candle, fire making tools†¢ Sunblock or after sun lotion, insect repellents†¢ Your own gadgets and power bank.First you must reach Camarines Norte if you will be coming from outside the province.By Air: The nearest commercial airport is in the Naga Camarines Sur. From Manila take 40 minutes plane ride to Naga. Then take a public van or bus to daet Camarines Norte then take another public van or bus to Jose Panganiban. You can take a tricycle to municipal office and ask locals to get to larap port. By land:From Manila take a bus heading to Panganiban Camarines Norte it will found Cobao and Pasay terminal. Travel time is around 8-10 hours. Once in Panganiban look for tricycle to municipal office, ask them to get larap port.

The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. Essays

The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. Essays The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. Essay The World Is Not Enough, and Die Another Day. Essay Essay Topic: Arguable In this research project I will explore whether the James Bond movie reflects the society and time which it is constructed through its narrative structure, analysing The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day. I believe most James Bond films do reflect the worldwide society. The narrative structure of each Bond film is quite similar, but each obviously has different story lines. The similarities include the action, the stunts, the sexy women and a traditional high-speed chase. In the words of the new director Lee Tamahori Awesome sets, breathtaking stunts and a well-practised monster machine are what makes a Bond film.(1) The chase is one of the areas that I shall look at to see how action and speed help dictate the narrative pace. The chase being the ice chase from Die Another Day directed by Lee Tamahori. As well as the opening sequence and the scene in Kazakhstan of the World Is Not Enough, directed by Michael Apted. Both produced by MGM which in itself is a big institution which is well known for big budget films, just having MGM as the producing company set high expectations of the audience. These are all vital scenes, which help to dictate the narrative pace and also backup the ideology that Bond, Played by Pierce Brosnan, falls under the action/ Thriller category in terms of genre. The genre category of Bond however is not so straight forward to categorise. An action film is described as having stunts and chases, high energy, possibly with rescues, battles, fights, escapes, non stop motion, spectacular rhythm, pacing and adventurous heroes.(2) Which both The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Die have. But there are so many individual conventions that Bond films alone have, it is arguable that Bond has become a sub-genre of the action thriller genre. The most profitable film series of all time is James Bond(3). Conventions such as the Bond girls, action etc. It is also important to look at the main characters in any movie, here it is James Bond, and see how that character helps carry the narrative. We know so much about Bond already from the previous 18 films, so ther e is no need for character introduction so the storyline can commence from the beginning of the film. We know that he will get into trouble and the question in each film is how will he get out of it? The whole Bond characters could easily fit into Propps theory of character construction. He believes there are eight character roles. The villain, in reference to The World Is not Enough an example of this is Renard and Gustav Graves in Die Another Day. The villain in Propps theory is someone who opposes or 1. Lee Tamahori, Sight and Sound magazine November edition. 2. www.filmsite.org 3.Guinness world records Adam Irvine .2 actively blocks the heros quest that is shown in quantity in both Bond films. The hero who seeks something which in all Bond films is filled by the man himself, Bond. The Donor who provides an object with magical properties, in this case of Bond these are gadgets that Q offers Bond in all the Bond films. The helper who aids the hero that is Dr Jones in The World Is Not Enough and Jinx in Die Another Day. The princess which acts as the reward for the hero and the object of the villains plot in The World Is Not Enough, Electra King fills this role and Miranda Frost in Die Another Day. The princesses father whom acts to reward the hero for his effort (father figure e.g. M). The dispatcher who sends the hero on his/her quest via a message which in both cases is M. The false hero who disrupts the heros success by making false claims. Pierce Brosnan is James Bond this is because Pierce himself is British and has the aura of being a spy. As he has been Bond for several films he has been connected and established as James Bond, his clean cut looks give the sense that all spies look like this and are all well looked after. Every man wants to be him and every woman wants to be with him. Bond always wears suits this may be because of the stereotypical British man from the views of Americans and worldwide it gives a distinct connection to being British. Bond is described as an anomic hero, as Geoffrey Hurd named the category. Anomic hero meaning he works alone, foregoing typical pleasures in order to focus on his work, and instead receiving metaphorical rewards. Which are the woman he has sex with, which does represent women in a negative light, appearing weak and under a male dominant world, but they often have their own contribution later on in the film. For example in The World Is Not Enough Electra King played by So phie Marceau, appears to be weak and in need of protection by Bond however we later discover that she is the main villain and Renard is working for her. And in Die Another Day Jinx played by Halle Berry, appears initially to be independent, which indeed she is, but still needs Bond to rescue her later in the film. My point being the position of Bond woman is also important to the theme and the narrative. They have important roles but are not heroes of any description, just an aider to Bond. Within The World is Not Enough iconography is used by showing the Dome this shows that Bond is moving into the 21st century with the rest of the world it also gives the audience the thought that they have been places that Bond has Been to. In James Bond London is the only place in the UK that is used although it is only a small part of the UK it is well known and helps audience world wide establish that its being set in the UK. Toderov has discussed an equilibrium Theory- which discusses the concept of narrative being initially balanced then disrupted by conflict and then finally resolved at the end. This technique is used to capture and sustain an audience this is quite clearly illustrated in The World Is Not Enough. As I shall explain when I de-construct the opening sequence. In looking at narrative structure today compared to how it was when the first film was made in 1962 Philip C Congleton Adam Irvine .3 has much to say on the filmeras and sub- genres, all of which are relevant to narrative. The first Bond, which was made in the 1960s which Congleton called the transition era..(1) When colour and television were developing and most importantly film was mature (2) the action move was new and was very exciting to an audience, still with large budgets, with cold war threatening, there was much emphasis on making enemys Russian or Communist in decent. But today in the modern era there is a more technological focus and special effects play a huge part. There is still however things that never change included in the Bond film. Current political affairs appear to be the focal point The World Is Not Enough having important scenes and many references to the Middle East. The Bond films also deal mildly with social values and cultures, With a lot of involvement of Chinese and Japanese cultures. Particularly in Tomorrow never Dies and Die Another Day starts with Bond after an action sequence caught and being tortured during a 14-month period, before he is exchanged for the main villains henchman, Zoa. This is not the sort of narrative we expect from a Bond movie. But it is enlightening, showing poor conditions and treatment associated with various armys during recent years. But despite this setback with the opening sequence, he still manages to beat the bad guys, save the world and get the girl, which in this case is Halle Berry. She play s Jinx and after they meet in an exotic location and exchange a few sexual innuendoes, they sleep together. It isnt until he catches he catches up with her later the next morning that he realises she is a secret agent for an American government agency. This is an important factor to the narrative structure of the film because so many times before in the bond films, a woman that bond encounters seems to have an individual project connecting to the villain that makes a sort of side narrative that keeps us the audience intrigued. But Jinx isnt the only girl that Bond sleeps with, He also has sex with Miranda Frost, an MI6 agent just like Bond, that we first suspect, begin to trust and then discover that our first thoughts were correct and that she is in fact working along side the bad guy, Gustav Graves, these characters are all important to the narrative but the one main scene that I shall examine is the ice chase. I think this is the most important because it gives a sense of pace an d represents a typical Bond movie. But first though The World Is Not Enough analysis. The opening sequence begins with Bond walking down a Spanish street, looking smart and composed. This is where Toderovs theory is able to be implemented, with equilibrium being in place for about 60 seconds whilst we see Bond walking down the street then see the panning shot of the majestic Swiss bank, just to give the audience a sense of location. The next shot we see is a close up of Bonds gun having been placed on the table. This almost tells us there will be 1. Philip C Congletion, www.jamesbond.com 2. Philip C Congletion, www.jamesbond.com Adam Irvine .4 trouble and the fact that Bond carries a gun, is a connotation that he also carries disequilibrium with him. Bond then has a rather tense conversation with the arrogant Swiss banker before he uses his rigged glasses to set of a small explosion that disorientates the two henchman watching Bond, allowing him to kill one and knock out the other. The quick editing and mise-en-scene techniques such as close ups on Bond sets the pace of the movie once again. All of the action in the bank office happens in a few short seconds and dictates the narrative pace. Bond then escapes, as we know he will, rather fantastically, by jumping out of the window, attached to nothing except a blind cord. Also carrying the merchandise he was apparently sent to retrieve, none other than money. So far already many conventions of Bond have occurred and Bond is doing just what we the audience wants him to do, announcing danger. The next main scene is the one set in Kazakhstan, where Bond infiltrates a Russian sc ientists layer named Dr Arkov. As Bond is being driven down the dusty track, the explosion on the side of the road almost warns the audience that this will be a dangerous situation for Bond. He then assumes the role of a Russian scientist and cleverly fools the people around. But doesnt convincingly fool the beautiful woman that Bond encounters, Dr Christmas Jones. During their brief and cagey conversation the Doctor appears to be dominant, with her angry opinions about having to fix the problems Dr Arkov caused. Dr Arkov being the man that Bond is impersonating. Dr Jones then tries to catch Bond out by talking Russian but Bond calmly and smoothly replies in Russian also. This mild flirting between the two gives us an idea that something more serious will happen between them. The general sight of Dr Jones in her minimal clothing is one thing to keep the male audience interested at this point, and also reinforces the tradition that the Bond films have had since the beginning. The scene after a delayed shot on Dr Jones face cuts to a high angle, birds eye view of Bond descending well below ground level in a dark elevator. The tense non-diagetic sound sets the mood that this is a dangerous place, and the subdued lighting signalled once again that dark times maybe ahead for Bond. When he reaches the bottom of the lift he is confronted by a dark tunnel, with oil drums with DANGER signs virtually tell the audience that Bond will again encounter danger. Also a flashing bright neon light, which could represent the long tunnel of death on the way to heaven, but being an anomic hero that he is, he struts confidently and unfazed down the tunnel only to encounter his nemesis Renard. It is at this point that we see how Bond is represented. He is represented as the really good guy, being lit and full face in the picture and the bad guys face in darkness and shadow. He is also shown to be humane, by not shooting Renard straight away. Between them, Bonds other side to his character is shown when when Renard torments Bond. Bond then becomes agitated and starts moving and re-positioning his gun. A few minutes on when the position of dominance has shifted to Renard. Bond first instinct is to protect Dr Jones. He then exhibits the sort of charm that female audiences are looking for. After re-loading his gun he stands and gets his legendary gadget watch out and just before he fires the grappling hook he says to Dr Jones stay calm assuming she is a typical weak woman, however as we subsequently see Adam Irvine .5 she isnt. She plays a pivotal role in their escape being able to unlock the damaged electrical doors, just in time to save Bond as he Is swinging down the tunnel followed by a ball of fire from an exploding bomb. He then escapes with another spectacular stunt following Bonds unsuccessful pursuit of Renard. These mise-en-scene techniques such as the camera angles like point of view shots of the enemys plus all of the action, fast editing, gun fire, and gorgeous women keep the narrative flowing and are exactly what we the audience want to see. The scene is excellently constructed to continue the good flowing narrative structure. Particularly the fast editing. The chase is what I believe to be one of them most exciting parts to a Bond movie and in Die Another Day they dont let the audience down. It dictates narrative pace and reinforces values that we all like to believe that it would be great to have a fast car, and the fact that Bond always has, makes the audience more envious of wanting to be Bond. The ice chase begins when Bond who has secretly crept into his invisible stealth car unnoticed, but the gets discovered and shot at by Zao in his Jaguar. The product placement of these two cars signalling that they are the best and can do anything. The pursuit begins and after a few minutes they find themselves chasing each other on the frozen lake. There are a lot of close up shots on Bonds face whilst he is in the car, with a determined but concentrated look upon his face. Zao is piling the attack on Bond, firing as many weapons as he can at one time but Bonds car gadgets seem more than a match for the oncoming shelling. There is at this time lots of cuts and quick editing, with the longest shot being at the most 5 seconds. The best part of this scene is when one of the missiles fired at Bond hits quite close and turns Bond onto his roof and he is left sliding along the ice on his roof. So the legendary 007 makes his escape from this situation look quite simple he opens the sun roof and releases the passenger ejector seat and subsequently turns the car back onto its wheels, just as another missile flies under the car while it is in the process of turning. Of course these techniques of camera angles give the best view. The lighting is carefully constructed to look like one place when the scene was actually filmed in two locations. The main stunts were filmed in England because there was a danger that the ice could break if they toppled a moving car on it. The camera techniques used create great tension and grad the audiences attention. This whole high-speed chase was actually filmed with the cars moving at about 15 miles per hour and the camera recording speed slowed down. So when they resumed the film speed to normal it appeared that they travelling at around 60 miles an hour. The end of that particular scene then finishes with Bond bumping the back of Zaos car with his own and knocking Zao of coarse. He does regain control and they disappear into the distance towards the ice palace. This was perhaps the best chase in the history of Bond when it comes to mise-en-scene projection and cunning techniques. At this point I was gripped to the film and pulled into the narrative further. Adam Irvine .6 The best filming techniques that I have ever seen on screen! (Peter Francis.) It is clear that one of the main things that dictate narrative structure is narrative pace, particularly in Bond films. They are as we have discussed almost their own genre so the conventions of Bond films are unique to Bond films as they are only to be seen together in a Bond film. In analysis I can conclude that James Bond films do reflect both the society and time in which they are set. This can be dominantly found in their representation of women, reflecting the change of womens roles in society over the years that Bond has been around. When it first started women were looked at to just stay home and cook for their man, but now are seen as equal in society. Although The World is not Enough and Die Another day are set in various countries they offer a central representation of the middle east. This is because of the change in the travel industry. Now people can travel easier so James Bond producers no longer use luxurious places so people wish to visit them as they already can. Particularly using the Middle East however gives the whole audience a political look at that area, distinctly where there is conflict. This offers an audience an inside look and a view on real life conflict areas. The narrative is very important to every genre, particularly to an actio n thriller.

Effect of Material and section shape in bending Lab Report

Effect of Material and section shape in bending - Lab Report Example It is therefore a complicated endeavour. In selecting materials for beams, various properties other than the cost and the availability, are taken into consideration. These properties include the Type, Yield Strength, Ductility, Youngs Modulus, Hardness, Poissons ratio, and behaviour in low or high temperatures (Charles, Crane & Furness, 1997, p. 43). Yield strength is the amount of stress at which deformation of a material starts to occur. The Youngs modulus is the measure of a beams resistance to deformation. Materials show different behaviour at low and high temperatures. The strength of material reduces with increasing temperature. For example the Youngs modulus of copper is at room temperature and at almost 100Â °C. The selected material should be able to withstand all the applied forces without failure. A beam under bending stress experiences a negative strain on the side whereby force is applied, and a positive strain on the opposite side (Dupen, 2012, p.68). This results in the change of size on either side. The st iffness of beam under stress depends on the product of modulus of elasticity () and the second moment of area (), that is (Krenik, 2001, p.27). For a simply supported beam, the deflection () of beam is determined by the following equation, that is When the load () is increased, the defection () also increases and if the length is increased, greater deflections are obtained as a result of the cubed term. An increase in the modulus of elasticity and the second moment of area results in a decrease in the deflection. The stiffness of a material is determined by the Youngs modulus, which is expressed by rearranging the deflection equation as . A graph of load plotted against the has a gradient equal to the Youngs modulus . The stiffness is derived by plotting the load against deflection. It is the slope of the graph. The three point

Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Abstract - Essay Example The initial construction involved changes of building materials. The other change involved the introduction of new architecture as a depiction of various victories and accomplishments. There was also addition of more rooms to cater for entertainments. The other part of the paper focuses on the structure of the palace. The structure is shown based on Victorian era. This part also offers a comparison analysis of the building and how it could have been different if it was built in the current societies. The last part of the paper carries the concluding remarks. Buckingham Palace is located in the City of Westminster and is the residence and office of the British monarch for over four centuries. The place is owned by the British government and is extended for the public and private use of the ruling monarch, which has to be given up when the King or Queen leaves their position. Buckingham Palace, originally known as Buckingham House, has housed generations of British monarch beginning from Queen Victoria and later including prominent rulers such as Edward VII, Queen Elizabeth and George VI. John Nash and Edward Blore mainly designed the Palace but later structural and other changes were incorporated in the original design to accommodate the changing needs and tastes of the ruling monarch. This paper will attempt to shed light on the history, structure and use of one of the most important houses in Britain- the Buckingham Palace. The site that is considered the Buckingham Paalace today was in the beginning three sites: Buckingham Gardens, Goring House and Arlington House. As the need for more space was required according to the lifestyle of the Dukes and rulers, the surrounding sites were added to the original Buckingham Gardens. Buckingham Palace began as Buckingham House when John Sheffield, the first Duke of Buckingham built the house in 1702. The Palace as one sees it today

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth - Essay Example The plot is woven through a series of symbols and images that are essential to the play’s setting. It opens with the witches’ scene and darkness all around. The dark hours are always associated with the evil which is about to take place. The symbol of blood and the disturbing weather emerge from the darkness and plague Macbeth and his surroundings. As the play opens, three witches appear on the scene asking as to whether their next meeting would be in â€Å"thunder, lightning, or in rain?† Hence from the very beginning, the symbol of darkness is introduced with only a few lines later, Macbeth is also mentioned. This is a foreshadowing of the events that will take place in the play. Darkness is always associated with evil and wickedness. Shakespeare employs these images to reveal the tools of disorder and the evil on which the character acts upon. The witches are the very first instruments which lead to disorder and havoc. Their appearance of witches is described by Macbeth himself as secretive and black: â€Å"How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags!† (Macbeth Act IV.i) but yet he believes in their prophecy. Even Banquo, who is with Macbeth at the time when the witches prophesize about them, speaks of them as: â€Å"The instruments of darkness tell us truths,  /Win us with honest trifles, to betray's  /In deepest consequence† (Macbeth Act I.i). ... From here onwards, there are a series of crimes committed by Macbeth as malevolence takes over the whole self of Macbeth. Once Macbeth restores himself as the king, even Scotland is pronounced as a place of obscurity. His restoration envelopes the whole country into â€Å"sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air /Are made, not mark'd; where violent sorrow seems /A modern ecstasy; the dead man's knell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as claimed by Macduff (Macbeth Act IV.iii). The images of darkness and the loss of blood along with thunder and lightning, elevate the component of evil in the play introducing the feeling of eeriness throughout. The symbol of blood that is scattered everywhere is seen when the play opens with the battle between Scotland and Norway. This is described by the wounded captain in traumatizing terms: â€Å"†¦Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,  /Or memorise another Golgotha,  /I cannot tell—  /But I am faint, my gashes cry for help† (Mac beth Act I.ii). But in this scene, Macbeth is praised for his bravery. His quality later changes into an evil force which he uses against his own people who trusted him. Blood also eventually symbolizes the guilt of Macbeth since he is unable to reverse his monstrous deeds. After the first act of evil that he performs by killing Duncan, Macbeth cries, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?† (Macbeth Act II.i). The symbolism employed in Macbeth represents all the negative elements of life which usually associate with the villain or evil vigor. It was Shakespeare’s intent to portray Macbeth as that kind of character who constituted fear, guilt, wrath, cowardice and misery in the name of acquiring power. Lady Macbeth, besides the witches, was

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence The reliability of fingerprint evidence as a means of identification for purpose of court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, despite a long tradition of forensic identification to individualize prints there have been some recent challenges as to the scientific basis for fingerprint evidence. These challenges stem from valid concerns about the potential for human errors in fingerprint matching. A major factor in trying to establish the validity of fingerprint evidence is the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science. The psychological aspect of forensic science (the preparation of physical evidence for purpose of court) is also a potential Achilles heel as to the validity of fingerprint evidence in particular in countries with an adversarial legal system where the function of counsel is largely to undermine the credibility of the evidence presented. Key words: prints, marks, reliability, validity, probability, error, bias Introduction A [finger]print is a record taken by police of a (usually) known individual under controlled conditions. A mark is an impression found at a crime scene. The role of fingerprint examiners (dactyloscopists) is to analyse marks (individualize marks) to determine whether it/they match the print/s of a known individual. Fingerprints are routinely used by police in order to identify suspects and victims of crime (e.g. homicide) and fingerprint evidence remain one of the most trusted forms of forensic evidence used in a court of law. Despite this, the various techniques used by fingerprint examiners have neither been scientifically tested nor published in scientific peer reviewed journals. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification (individualization) is based on a theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science, including: persistence, uniqueness and transferability of prints and marks for purpose of identification. Until recently there had been no scientific studies conducted to validate fingerprints as physical evidence of identification. Despite this significant gap in the science of fingerprint evidence, the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, the use of fingerprint identification as evidence at court inevitably leads to interactions between science and the law where basic assumptions are frequently challenged. There are two different kinds of issues which may arise when presenting fingerprints as evidence at court: (i) the lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used, and; (ii) the influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence. The evidential value of fingerprint identification Fingerprint identification as its used in the criminal justice system is typically done by comparing and attempting to match a mark (latent fingerprint) found at a crime scene with a print taken from a known suspect. The various techniques used by fingerprint examiners in matching two prints are different from e.g. biometric fingerprint checks introduced by the UK Border Agency (UKBA) in 2009 as a means of identification to improve on airport security. The lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used Whilst the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned, even by its critics, it is often assumed that its the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of fingerprint evidence, such as the uniqueness and transferability of fingerprints, which make fingerprint identification well suited as forensic evidence for purpose of court. However, these theoretical underpinnings are often not backed up by scientific evidence and the validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science is therefore a potential Achilles heel in fingerprint evidence. The influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence Whilst the different techniques and methods used by fingerprint examiners vary from those used in automated biometric fingerprint checks, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprint identification are the same as for biometric fingerprint checks (such as uniqueness and transferability). The results from automated biometric fingerprint checks would not however be suitable as forensic evidence at court. The main reason is that apart from the physical aspects of fingerprints, the evidential value of fingerprints is primarily based upon the expert opinions of fingerprint examiners and governed by the rules on circumstantial evidence. Highlighting the lack of objectivity in the analysis and matching of fingerprints, Stoney (1991:198) notes: In fingerprint work we become subjectively convinced of identity; we do not prove it. And this works just fine. For fingerprints. The evidential value and admissibility of fingerprint expert evidence The Law Commissions report on admissibility of evidence 2008 and 2011: The opinion evidence of an expert witness is admissible only if the court is satisfied that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. The opinion evidence of an expert witness is sufficiently reliable to be admitted if: the evidence is predicated on sound principles, techniques and assumptions; those principles, techniques and assumptions have been properly applied to the facts of the case; and the evidence is supported by those principles, techniques and assumptions as applied to the facts of the case. It is for the party wishing to rely on the opinion evidence of an expert witness to show that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. This means that guilt cannot be determined by expert evidence alone and that trust in the validity of fingerprint evidence requires a leap of faith. (Broeder, 2006, p. 154) Challenging the Validity of Fingerprint Evidence The validity of fingerprint evidence is dependent upon: the credibility of expert witnesses; validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science, and; the accuracy of procedures and techniques used. Despite its lack of scientific evidence, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints and reliability of methods used are rarely challenged at court. When the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints are challenged at court, it also tends to undermine the reliability of methods used in a range of forensic evidence. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the US Supreme Court ruled that forensic evidence has to be both relevant and reliable in order to be valid. However, there are no reliability studies for fingerprint evidence and fingerprint evidence should therefore be ruled inadmissible in a US court of law. Pierce (2011) notes that the core issue in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was the validity of deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion. (Pierce, 2011) The validity of fingerprint evidence in effect comes down to an issue of trust and credibility both of which can be undermined. The Daubert case raised the need for a model by which statistically quantifiable measures can be generated to objectively assess the reliability of fingerprint evidence. One method considered reliable by US courts is the ACE-V (analysis-comparison-evaluation-verification) method. (Haber Haber, 2008) Despite the promise of such models, Broeder (2007) argues that: No expert or expert system can provide incontrovertible categorical evidence i.e. absolute proof that a certain trace originates from a particular source. There is no objective or subjective, scientific or alternative method that will enable us to do this. Stoney (1991:198) argues that trying to prove uniqueness by use of statistical models is a ridiculous notion. (Stoney, 1991) Basis for Challenging Fingerprint Evidence Despite significant issues in terms of the validity of both theoretical underpinnings of forensic science and various techniques used, the main reason why fingerprint evidence will continue to be challenged as valid forensic science evidence is that fingerprint matching (recognition, analysis, comparison, and interpretation / evaluation) is ultimately a subjective decision-making process where results and expert evidence can be influenced by contextual and confirmation biases (human error) resulting in false identification. Whilst Stoney (1991) appears to argue that its the subjective nature of fingerprint evidence which give the individualization process credibility, Dror et. al. (2005:800) also note that fingerprint identification involves a decision making process (Dror, et al., 2005) which may ultimately result in human error and in false identification. It is therefore unfortunate that much of the debate is currently focused on attempts to improve on the reliability of fingerprint evidence through advancements in technological innovation. Attempts at improving the physical aspects of scientific evidence indicate that some problems with forensic evidence might one day be overcome by future advances in technological innovation. Whilst technical and scientific evidence are becoming increasingly important for the criminal justice system, Broeder (2006:148) suggests that its difficult for judges and juries to assess the validity of expert forensic evidence. (Broeder, 2006, p. 148) Mnookin (2008:343) argues that the courts have been seduced by superficial arguments as to the reliability of scientific methods. (Mnookin, 2008, p. 343) Considering that fingerprint evidence is ultimately a decision-making process its difficult to see how fingerprint matching could be replaced by advances in technology such as future generations of automatic fingerprint recognition systems (e.g. the ACE-V process/methodology). More effort should perhaps be focused on the social science aspect of expert forensic evidence (in particular psychology) to reduce potential cognitive biases and human error in fingerprint evidence the main basis for challenging fingerprint evidence. Cognitive Biases in Fingerprint Evidence Fingerprint evidence is supported by a general theoretical framework as to the physical principles of forensic evidence. However, fingerprint evidence is ultimately based on a series of decisions formulated by fingerprint examiners through cognitive processes. Whilst Stoney (1991) might argue that becoming subjectively convinced of identity works just fine for purpose of fingerprint matching, as it turns out, fingerprint examiners are highly susceptible to various forms of cognitive biases. Giannelli (2010) describes four different kinds of cognitive biases which may influence decision-making in forensic examination of evidence. Giannelli describes contextual bias as occurring when extraneous information influences a decision, typically in cases of ambiguity. Techniques used to avoid the influence of contextual bias when testing a new drug, include randomized (double blind) clinical trials. A similar process as part of the fingerprint verification process has been proposed by Haber and Haber (2003). (Haber Haber, 2003) Giannelli describes confirmation bias in terms of the tendency to test a hypothesis by looking for instances that confirm it rather than by searching for potentially falsifying instances. Kassin, Dror Kukucka (2013) describe the various contextual influences which may generate bias in forensic evidence, in terms of: Knowing the nature and details of the crime, being pressured by detectives; working within and as part of the police; the use of computer-generated lists that feature some suspects ahead of others; appearing in court within an adversarial criminal justice system. Experiments in cognitive biases The importance of cognitive psychology of expert evidence has been highlighted in a series of experiments conducted by Dr. Itiel Dror (2005) in which he had took the fingerprints from real criminal cases and presented them to the same fingerprint examiners who had previously given evidence at court. By changing the context for the analysis, such as strongly suggesting that a mark had previously been incorrectly matched to a print (or that a mark belonged to a particular suspect when in fact it did not), the examiners came to different conclusions, contradicting their own evidence given at court. Dr. Drors experiments showed the influence that contextual and confirmation biases can have on the outcome of fingerprint analysis. The research found that fingerprint examiners were more likely to make a match judgment on ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to emotional background stories of crimes and explicitly disturbing photographs from crime scenes, as well as subliminal messages. The researchers concluded that examiners were more likely to confirm a match in ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to contextual biases highlighting the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence. To further highlight the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence, an international panel of fingerprint experts convened to examine errors committed by the FBI which led to the identification of Brandon Mayfield note that the pressure of working on a high-profile terrorism case created an atmosphere which contributed to the misidentification. (US Department of Justice, 2006, p. 177) Error Rates and Probability Error Rates Experiments similar to those conducted by Dr. Dror (2005) have also been conducted by e.g. Ulery et. al. (2012) and Evett and Williams (1995). (Evett Williams, 1995) All such studies find varying degrees of inconsistency. Ulery et. al. found that when the same fingerprint evidence is given to the same examiners, they reach different conclusions approximately 10% of the time. (Kassin, et al., 2013) Ulery et. al. (2012:9) attributed such errors to a lack of quantitative criteria and limited qualitative criteria for decision. (Ulery, et al., 2012, p. 9) Such error rates are only known as a result of research conducted where examiners were themselves the subject of research experiments. Mnookin (2008b) (Mnookin, 2008) as well as (Haber Haber, 2003) and other researchers point to the lack of transparency of crime laboratories in disclosing the results double-blind tests where e.g. one examiner discover an error made by another examiner and that no data exist on the error rate correction resulting from the verification process. Jasanoff (2006) notes the right of US citizens to receive information, including scientific and technical information, in order to effectuate the goal of informed participation. (Jasanoff, 2006) However, considering the increasingly commercial nature of forensic laboratories, such error rate data is unlikely to be volunteered any time soon. Probability Aitken Taroni (2004:126) note that evaluation of fingerprint evidence is based on a statistical model of probabilistic inference. (Aitken Taroni, 2004) Probability may be defined as [a] statistical means of describing uncertainty. (Brenner, 1997, p. 126) Galton (1892:100) raised the problem of estimating the probability of two prints (alike in their minutiae) as having been made by two different persons and attempted to give an approximate numerical idea of the value of finger prints as a means of Personal Identification. Galton (1892:110) calculated the probability of two different individuals having the same fingerprints (Type I error) to be less than 1 to 224 x 24 x 28 or about 1 in 64 billion. Neumann (2012:21) explains the difficulty of probability as faced by fingerprint examiners giving evidence at court: If it is his belief that the mark probably does or almost certainly does or is rather unlikely to match, he is forbidden to say so in court; in those cases, fingerprint evidence, for or against the accused, simply does not appear in the case. (Neumann, 2012) So, how common is it that examiners giving evidence at court arent necessarily 100% certain of the evidence they give at court? According to research by Neuman et.al. it happens in 30% of the all comparisons performed. (Neumann, et al., 2011) Galton notes the effect on probability when matching two or more marks to the prints of a known individual: When two fingers of each of the two persons are compared, and found to have the same minutiae, the improbability of 1 to 236 becomes squared, and reaches a figure altogether beyond the range of the imagination; when three fingers, it is cubed, and so on. [W]hen two, three, or more fingers in the two persons agree to that extent, the strength of the evidence rises by squares, cubes, etc., far above the level of that amount of probability which begins to rank as certainty. Galton (1892:111-112) Case Studies Broeder (2006) notes that there have recently been several highly publicised appeals against criminal convictions around the world where forensic evidence has played a significant role in the identification of suspects. Broeder further notes that these have at least partly been associated with inadequate standards of forensic expertise. The following case studies involve examples of Type I errors (false positives in fingerprint matching) made by examiners. Case Study 1: Shirley McKie In January 1997, DC Shirley McKie attended a crime scene in Kilmarnock, Scotland as part of an investigation into the murder of Marion Ross. A single mark found at the scene was attributed to DC McKie who denied under oath that it could be hers. DC McKie was subsequently charged with perjury. At her trial, two fingerprint experts disputed the mark belonged to DC McKie. A jury later found DC McKie not guilty of perjury. In 2008, the Scottish Government appointed Sir Anthony Campbell to hold a public inquiry into the identification and verification of fingerprints associated with the case of HM Advocate v McKie in 1999. Sir Campbell noted that [t]he community of fingerprint experts is deeply divided over the case of Shirley McKie and that some experts are perceived by others to be so closely associated with colleagues or organisations that have expressed an opinion that they are not universally regarded as being independent. (The Fingerprint Inquiry, 2011) Case Study 2: Brandon Mayfield In 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation identified Brandon Mayfields fingerprints as a match to a single mark found on a bag containing explosives used in the Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004. Mayfields fingerprints had been initially retrieved as a potential match using the FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). Upon closer examination, three fingerprint experts reviewing the initial result each confirmed that the mark belonged to Mayfield. (Stacey, 2004) The FBI launched a covert operation and Mayfield was subsequently arrested on 6 May 2004. An independent fingerprint expert appointed by the court to review the evidence (who also knew that a positive match had already been made) also concluded that the mark found did belong to Mayfield. Spanish Police informed the FBI that they had identified the mark as belonging to an Algerian national. After examining the prints of the Algerian national, the FBI released Mayfield from custody. The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) concluded that the reason for the misidentification was due to the unusual similarity between the [latent print] and Mayfields known fingerprint which had confused three experienced FBI examiners and a court-appointed expert. (US Department of Justice, 2006) Discussion Fingerprint evidence was first used in the UK in 1858 and is the most common form of forensic evidence used at court today. Fingerprint evidence has also been raised as one of the most important categories of forensic evidence admitted at court. However, a study conducted by Baldwin and McConville (1980) found that forensic evidence played a significant role in only five per cent of cases presented at court. Inman and Rudin (2002:1) describe forensic science as an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. (Inman Rudin, 2002) Whilst this might provide an appropriate definition of forensic science, it ignores the importance of psychology in forensic evidence. The reliability of fingerprints as a means of identification (individualization) for purpose of evidence at court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. Mnookin (2001:16) argues that scrutiny of expert evidence does not take place in a cultural vacuum and infers that fingerprint evidence was accepted too quickly in US courts. In 2013, a US District Court Judge ruled that the process fingerprint identification failed to meet three of the four criteria set for scientific evidence. The technique hadnt been scientifically tested Wasnt subject to scientific peer review Didnt possess a known rate of error The ruling means that whilst the court accepts that the process of fingerprint analysis does not meet the standards set for scientific evidence, the testimony of expert fingerprint analysts may still be admissible as evidence at court. Because the validity of fingerprint evidence is primarily based upon the credibility expert witnesses, challenges as to the validity of fingerprint evidence need to address the psychological aspects of forensic science, in other words the potential cognitive (contextual and confirmation) biases of forensic experts resulting in false identification. Part of this effort might involve simple solutions such as shielding fingerprint examiners from the details of crimes being investigated or having all fingerprint experts directly appointed by the courts. Other requirements might involve a minimum of two marks or more having to match the prints of a suspect before it can be used as evidence at court.

Music Censorship Essays -- essays research papers

Marilyn Manson, The Beatles, NWA, Garth Brooks, and the king, Elvis, What do all these people have in common? Well, yes, they are all musical groups, but there is something more. Marilyn Manson is a heavy metal group who worships Satan, the Beatles were one of the greatest Rock N’ Roll bands of all time, and NWA was a hard-core rap group from the 80’s. Garth Brooks is a country singer and greatest selling performer of all time, and well, Elvis is the king of Rock N’ Roll. So what do they all have in common? All of these artists have or had songs with indecent or obscene lyrics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the dawn of musical expression, there have been people trying to stop or hinder the constitutional right to listen and enjoy music of all forms. There were ordinary, everyday people during the infancy of Rock N’ Roll in the 1960’s who made it their mission in life to stop so-called â€Å"obscene† music like the Beatles song â€Å"Lucy In the Sky With Diamonds,† from polluting our airwaves and minds. These groups succeeded in banning some songs from the radio, but most of their actions were for naught, because there was no real punishment for radio stations playing those songs labeled â€Å"obscene.† By 1985, many people wanted to cleanse the music industry of its â€Å"indecent† music, so the most prominent group in the history of music censorship was started: The Parents’ Music Resource Center (PMRC)-(A Brief†¦). This was just the first of many groups who made it their business to decide what the America n Population should or should not listen to. These censorship groups have also been able to get government money in order to fight, lie, and bribe their way to censoring music. The PMRC and other organizations have also convinced government organizations like the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) to regulate what music is played on the radio. Places like Target, Disc Jockey, and other local record stores are also forced to label music that the PMRC and other censorship groups find obscene (A Brief†¦)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who is to say that what is obscene to someone might not be seen as obscene to another person? This question, as well as many others, brought forth many anti-censorship organizations who fight to give the people of America the right to listen to whatever music they want to, indecent or not. The First Amendment from anyone who tries to cen... ...ment and all the music censorship organizations to deny musicians and the public our constitutional rights? And why do we pay millions of our tax dollars to try and undermine what our whole country was built upon over two hundred years ago? We must acknowledge that ratings systems of any kind can do and result in censorship. And we all must fight to preserve free speech for everyone regardless of whether or not we agree with the message. (National Campaign†¦) When politicians and religious leaders call for censorship because they personally find the message objectionable, or you wonder why you should join the fight against music censorship, please consider this quote be Martin Niemoeller, a Lutheran pastor who was arrested by the Gestapo in 1938. He said, In Germany, the Nazi’s came for the communists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn’t speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist. Then they came for me, and by that time there was no one left to speak for me.

Christina’s World

Christina’s Cruel World When I first seen â€Å"Christina’s World,† a painting by Andrew Wyeth, I came across a lonely girl, and I wonder. What is she doing lying in the field by herself? Was she laying in the long grass on a hot summer day enjoying a nice summer breeze? It’s hard to tell her age. Is she a widowed wife to a soldier lost in the war thinking of days long past? Perhaps she’s a teenage adolescent, resting in the grass after a long day of chores? Something caught her attention. She sat up, and twisted to look behind her. I follow her gaze, and notice that she is looking toward a house of Georgian architecture.The front side of the house has the most detail compared to the three other buildings in the picture. I can clearly see the door, windows, and even the color of the house. This leads me to believe that Christina is focusing on the front of the house. I see what appears to be a typical farm in rural America, somewhere in a Midwestern grassland state. This farm however, has no livestock, or crops. I see a shed to the right, and a barn about fifty yards to the left of the house. If I look closely, birds can be seen flying from the barn. Is this a possible sign of abandonment?Judging between the rough, tall grass and the smooth texture to the grass around the farm tells me this place is not as deserted as it looks. This tells me that Christina’s world has boundaries, and it appears that she is out of bounds. The colors of the painting are very dull and flat. This only enhances the theme of a desolate and nearly dead farm. The vast field and wide open spaces make this place look very empty. The path leading up to the house seems faded by over growth; another sign that Christina’s world is a lonely place. When I come full circle, I set my eyes back on Christina.I begin to wonder, why is she here? Why is she in rough wild grass instead of the smooth tame lawn? As I take a closer look, I notice her rigid hands clutching the earth. It’s almost as if she’s pulling herself forward; as if she’s trying to get to safety. Her body is thin and frail. She looks starved and malnourished. Loose strands of hair are flowing in the breeze. Her dress is pink; a sign of femininity, but it’s also faded along with the rest of the scene. The point of view Wyeth gives is as if I’m standing right behind Christina. I can’t help but feel tempted to do something to help her.I want to get her to safety, give her some food, put her in bed, and get her some medical attention. Would she be safe though? When I look closely I can see a pile of lumber on the side of the house, and a latter propped up on the front. This house needs work done. Maybe this house isn’t a sanctuary for Christina. She probably dreads going back, but she has nowhere else to go. I think Christina has accepted her world because she has no other choice. She had to leave the boundaries and ex plore the outside a little bit before she realized this. Maybe the outside world rejected her so she begrudgingly turned back.Even though it’s a warm summer day; I sense coldness here. The dark looming house has a forbidden feel to it. The barn is equally forbidden; only home to the birds now. It seems Christina’s world was left to fade away. When I researched Andrew Wyeth, and his painting of Christina’s World I found some interesting facts. Christina is in fact Christina Olsen, one of Wyeth’s neighbors. She lived with her brother Aravo Olsen in what is now known as the Olsen House located in Cushing Maine. This is far from what I originally thought. There is some speculation that Christina was schizophrenic. This however, is false.On the other hand, Christina did have an undiagnosed muscular disorder. This disease, probably polio, caused her to lose her ability to walk in the late 1920’s. This explains why Christina is clutching the ground. She w as crawling. It is a fact that Christina regularly crawled around the farm. The Olsen family and farm were inspirations for a few of Wyeth’s paintings. They even let him use the third floor of their house as an art studio. Wyeth’s father died in a horrible train accident three years before he painted â€Å"Christina’s World. † This had a noticeable impact on Wyeth’s art. His colors became more bland and dull.His landscapes were bare. These traits are highly reflected in â€Å"Christina’s World. † If you look at modern pictures of the Olsen House you can see the place is surrounded by evergreens. In the painting, there isn’t a tree in sight. The landscape is almost bare except for the grass. I would say â€Å"Christina’s World† is Wyeth’s way of expressing his grief for his father’s death. Andrew Wyeth was inspired to paint this picture when he looked out his window and seen Christina crawling around in the fields. Though Christina inspired the painting, it was Wyeth’s wife Betsy who modeled the torso, and head.The Olsen farmhouse is the most famous model of the painting. It was first built in the late 1700’s, then later had a third floor annexed to it. The Olsen house still stands to this day in Cushing Maine, and is a historic landmark. It is owned by the Farnsworth Art Museum. I believe Wyeth was asking his viewers a question in this painting. If your standing behind this woman who is crawling across the field. What would you do? Wyeth is giving us a choice. He’s showing us a cruel, harsh world. Do you help her, or do you pass her by; letting her fend for herself?

Myntra.com Logo Essay Essays

Myntra.com Logo Essay Essays Myntra.com Logo Essay Essay Myntra.com Logo Essay Essay Myntra was established by Mukesh Bansal and Sankar Bora in February 2007. The other cardinal members are Ashutosh Lawania. and Vineet Saxena. All of them are IIT/IIM alumnas. and have worked for several start-ups. Myntra is headquartered in Bangalore and has been funded by Venture Capital financess like IndoUS. IDG A ; Accel Partners. [ 5 ] The company started off in the concern of personalization of merchandises. and shortly expanded to put up regional offices in New Delhi. Mumbai and Chennai. It began its operations in the B2B ( concern to concern ) section with the personalization of gifts. which included T-shirts. mugs and caps to call a few. However. in 2010. the company shifted its scheme to going a B2C ( concern to client ) oriented house. spread outing its catalogue to manner and lifestyle merchandises. From 2007 to December 2010. Myntra. com was in the concern of on-line demand personalization. [ 6 ] The merchandises ranged from T-shirts. mugs. recognizing cards. calendars. key ironss. journals. vino spectacless. coasters and many such merchandises with exposure. one-liners and mottos. In three old ages. Myntra became one of the India’s largest on-demand personalization platform for merchandises and gifts with over a 50 % market portion [ 7 ] Myntra [ 8 ] offered individualized New Jerseies of several cricket and football squads such as Team India. IPL squads. national football squads. and Premier League football squads. New concern focal point and merchandises Myntra has tied up with top manner and lifestyle trade names in India. such as Nike. Inc. . Reebok. Puma. Adidas. Asics. Lee. Lotto. Decathlon. FILA. John Miller. Indigo Nation etc. to offer a broad scope of current season ware from these trade names [ 9 ] Myntra presently offers merchandises from more than 350 Indian and international trade names. [ 10 ] These include places for running. tennis. football. hoops and fittingness. along with insouciant footwear from world-renowned industry leaders like Nike. Puma. Converse. Adidas. Decathlon. Reebok. Lee Cooper. Numero Uno. Skechers. Crocks. Asics. Fila. Lotto. ID and many more. There are besides insouciant and dressy footwear for adult females from Catwalk. Carlton London and Red Tape to call a few. Myntra besides stocks Jerseies for work forces and adult females from popular trade names like Covetous 21. Everlastingly New. Authoritative Polo. Inkfruit. Lee. Nike. Inc. . Probase. Puma. Adidas. Reebok. Ed Hardy. Decathlon. Lotto. Ediots. Mr. Men. Tantra and Guerilla. The web site has besides launched Being Human and Fastrack tickers. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In July 31. 2012 Bollywood actorKalki Koechlin launches Myntra’s ‘Star N Style’ characteristic. [ 14 ] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Business theoretical account Myntra. com is an collector of many trade names. Its concern theoretical account is based on securing current season ware from assorted trade names and doing them available on the portal at the same clip as in several retail trade name mercantile establishments. All these merchandises are offered to clients on MRP. [ 15 ] In October 2007. Myntra received a seed support from Accel Partners ( once Erasmic Venture Fund ) . Sasha Mirchandani from Mumbai Angels and another angel investor. In November 2008. Myntra raised with it’s A support of $ 5 million from NEA-IndoUS Ventures. IDG Ventures and Accel Partners. [ 16 ] In the 2nd unit of ammunition of support led by Tiger Global and participated by bing investors IDG Ventures and Indo-US Venture Partners. Myntra raised $ 14 million. Towards the terminal of 2011. Myntra. com raised $ 20 million in its 3rd unit of ammunition of support led by Tiger Global. [ 17 ] Myntra launched a trade name run with its first TVC in July 2011. The commercial ‘juxtaposes new-age manner with old-world grit’ and places Myntra as a ‘fashionable new age’ trade name. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Myntra’s 2nd run. with the tagline â€Å"Ramp It Up† . was launched in October 2011 with a TVC. The new ad scored high on manner quotient and the nucleus message was to pass on the launch of the Autumn Winter 2011 aggregation on Myntra. com. [ 22 ] In February 2012. Myntra besides rolled out an OOH ( out of place ) run across Tier 2 metropoliss. to to construct trade name consciousness and promote online shopping. [ 23 ] In June 2012. Myntra launched its 3rd run. Created by Taproot. the communicating emphasises the benefits of purchasing online. and is titled ‘Real life mein aisa hota hai kya’ . in which they offer free transportation. hard currency on bringing. 30 twenty-four hours return amp ; 24 hours dispatch [ 24 ] Myntra continued the ‘Real life mein aisa hota hai kya’ subject in its following run in October 2012 and extended it to showcase its broad catalog and hassle-free Returns Policy. [ 25 ] Gross In the last unit of ammunition ( Nov 2010 ) . Myntra raised $ 14mn and in 2008. raised $ 5mn from NEA-IUV. IDG Ventures and Accel. Myntra started as a usage endowing service and subsequently morphed into an on-line shop manner shop merchandising lifestyle merchandises. The latest unit of ammunition of $ 20mn support ( Series C ) will be used to construct its logistics service ( they have already started their ain logistic service ) and enlargement into new classs. Myntra. com marks Rs 500 crores gross for the following financial Myntra. com. the largest on-line retail merchant of manner and lifestyle merchandises in India. is taking grosss of Rs 500 crores in the fiscal twelvemonth 2012- 2013. The company which entered the life style and manner retailing section in December 2010 has registered a 10 fold growing in 2011 and is comparatively. the fastest turning company in the e-commerce infinite in India. Mr. Mukesh Bansal ( Founder A ; CEO ) said. â€Å"Myntra has undergone phenomenal growing in the last 12 months and has emerged as the clear leader in Fashion/Lifestyle infinite. We have been systematically duplicating every 4 months and have now reached a graduated table where we ship up to 10. 000 merchandises every twenty-four hours. We are be aftering to traverse gross of Rs 500 crores in FY 12-13 which will further beef up Myntra’s leading place in the lifestyle class. This is an exciting class with the entire market size projected to be over $ 100 billion in 5 old ages with mid individual figure part being on-line. doing this. perchance the largest on-line class in India. † He farther added. â€Å"We have built the largest catalog in manner A ; lifestyle class with over 200 trade names. have really extended supply-chain capablenesss including world-class warehouse in multiple metropoliss and our ain logistics web in big metropoliss. We will go on to put sharply in our engineering platform. supply-chain and the Myntra trade name to quickly scale the concern. † history Myntra. com is ranked among the taking e-commerce companies in India and is the largest on-line retail merchant of life style and manner merchandises. The company was started by a group of IIT/IIM alumnuss in 2007 and is headquartered in Bangalore. Funded by top grade Venture Capital Funds. Myntra is among the best funded e-commerce companies in the state today. Myntra. which started as an on-line finish for personalized merchandises back in 2007. has expanded into broader life style and manner retailing. Today. Myntra is the largest online lifestyle retail merchant with over 200 national and international trade names under its streamer. Myntra has brought in a new degree of professionalism and engineering enablement to the e-commerce infinite in India. For consumers. this translates to superior experience. broader merchandise choice and odd efficiency. therefore adding to a better buying determination. The company’s alone offerings include the largest in-season merchandise catalogue. 100 % reliable merchandises. hard currency on bringing. and 30 twenty-four hours return policy. doing Myntra the preferable online shopping finish in the state. Merchandises * There are besides insouciant and dressy footwear for adult females from Catwalk. Carlton London and Red Tape to call a few. To offer a broad scope of current season ware from these trade names. Myntra presently offers merchandises from more than 200 Indian and international trade names. These include places for running. tennis. football. hoops and fittingness. along with insouciant footwear from world-renowned industry leaders likeMyntra has tied up with top manner and lifestyle trade names in India. such as Nike. Reebok. Puma. Adidas. Asics. Lee. Lotto. Decathlon. FIFA. John Miller. Indigo Nation etc. * Inkfruit. com. dilsebol. com. Blue Bus Tees. Scopial. com. Myntra doubtless enjoyed the first mover advantage in the on-line retailing concern. But Myntra’s success has been replicated by other companies that have now become rivals for Myntra. Some of them are Diff between tradional bssness n vitamin E bussness Traditional concerns and e-businesses both require you to hold a concern licence. Registering your concern name with the province registrar. geting a federal revenue enhancement ID figure. researching local zoning and licensing ordinances. buying insurance pertinent to your demands and set uping banking relationships are critical stairss in puting up store in either locale. While telecommunications equipment. office supplies and a marketing/advertising budget are necessary disbursals in both traditional and electronic commercialism. a traditional concern theoretical account has the added operating expense of a monthly rental. public-service corporations. staff wages and benefits. exterior/interior care costs and security systems. An e-business tally from a place office utilizes resources that already exist and which are so prorated as tax write-off Customer Convenience If the conditions is bad. the parking is a challenge or the hr is late when inspiration strikes to purchase something. an e-business that is unfastened 24/7 frequently has more entreaty to clients than a brick-and-mortar store located across town and merely unfastened five yearss a hebdomad from 10 to 4. Shoping for goods electronically doesn’t merely salvage clients clip and energy ; it can besides salvage them from paying gross revenues revenue enhancements. supply them with more mercantile establishments to comparison-shop and extinguish the feeling of being pressured or followed around by a sales representative. Many clients. nevertheless. prefer the ability to personally inspect the ware. inquire for advice and aid and be able to take their purchases home instantly instead than holding to pay transportation costs and delay for bringing. A traditional concern satisfies those demands in add-on to furthering an environment of trust through personal conversation and face-time . N for revenue enhancement intents.

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations

Variation in Rocky Shore Populations Free Online Research Papers Variation in abundance and distribution of intertidal rocky shore populations in relation to the extremities of the environment Characterized by patchiness in the distributions of abundance of species in space and time, intertidal zones have been studied for decades in order to isolate the several important ecological interactions that cause these diverse assemblages of plants and animals (Underwood Chapman,2000; Underwood Chapman, 1998; Underwood, 2000). In order to recognize these environmental factors, two sampling techniques were implemented to obtain the vertical abundance and distribution of selected biota. By applying basic principles of methodology in both of the two ecological sampling practices, a comparison of patterns of biota was formed, thus the ability to quantify distribution and abundance of species on a rocky shore. This resulted in patterns depicting strong evidence for environmental pressures as a defining element of distribution and abundance. Marked by the upper and lower limits of the tide, the shores intertidal zone is exposed at low tide and immersed at high tide. Sampling took place on a rocky platform of Flinders beach, Victoria, and had a vertical range of between 0 – 95 meters, with 0m being the point furthest from the shore, known as the high intertidal zone, and 110m being the point closest to the ocean, otherwise known as the low intertidal zone. Two sampling methods were employed, each covering at least 95 meters. In the type I technique the area of 0-95 was divided vertically in 5m points, each of which sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were placed unsystematically on a horizontal axis 3 times over. For each quadrat both selected flora and fauna were identified and tallied either individually or for area cover. In the type II, the area of 0-110m was divided at 10m intervals, where at each sampling took place. At each transect, quadrats were again placed arbitrarily on a horizontal axis, ho wever, this was repeated 6 times as opposed to 3. As in the type I, both selected flora and fauna were accounted for; either as individuals or in area coverage. As a general pattern, organisms appeared to be larger and more complex in the lower parts of the shore. In particular, this pattern was seen true for most mollusc species. As seen in Figure 1, Austrocochlea constricta population density was highest between 20-90m, and seemed to not appear before the 10m transect. The distribution of the species seemed to be fairly constant throughout these 70m. In addition to Austrocochlea constricta, the Siphonaria sp was also not accounted for before 15m transect however did show varying results between the sampling methods in where the abundance was at its peak (Figure 2). Straying from this general pattern, the Notilittorina sp was accounted for only between the 2-40m area, with the abundance most dense at the higher parts of the shore. Most flora seen were accumulated in the latter parts of the shore, with Coralline Red occurring between 20-90m. Coralline Red abundance percentage steadily increased as we moved to the lower parts of the shore. Intertidal habitats are of extensive interest due to the varying microhabitats formed across a shore. The environment of each microhabitat differs, however harsh extremes are experienced at both low-shore and high-shore, and all in between. For an average rocky shore, there are usually two high tides and two low tides per day, and depending on the time of day, some areas of the intertidal zone may be wet or dry (Underwood Chapman, 2000). This can potentially be problematic for the inhabitants of such an extreme environment. Water supply is essential for semi-marine and marine organisms. However, water supply is intermittent. Water is also delivered in the form of waves, which, if applied with enough force, is capable of washing away or dislodge poorly adapted organisms. Due to the formation of these zones, the salt water trapped in the rock pools within does evaporate, elevating salt concentration. However this concentration can alter with rainfall. In addition, the intertidal zone is highly exposed to the sun, hence the temperature can range from very hot to near freezing in frigid climates (Underwood Chapman 2000). The interaction of these four factors presents the intertidal zone as an extreme environment in which to live. In order to survive an intertidal zone, inhabitants must be able to withstand harsh abiotic and biotic stress. As height above sea level increases, the conditions of the intertidal zone strengthens in harshness; there is less moisture, daily changes in pH and salinity and temperature, and isolation is increased. (Womersley King, 1990). As expected, as harshness increased, species diversity generally declined, with fewer species able to withstand such intense stresses (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). Abiding by this general rule, Austrocochlea constricta provided the perfect example with majority of the sample abundance in both type I and II occurring after 30m. Part of this may be attributed to the feeding patterns of Austrocochlea constricta, which tend to scrape the algal film coating off rocks (Parsons Ward, 1994). However, in the type I sampling, more Austrocochlea constricta were found before 30m than those observed in the type II sampling (Figure 1 5). This could be attributed to many environmental factors, but ultimately the elevation of the rocks and the impact at which waves from the last tide hit those rocks would be a very significant factor. If the area surveyed in the type I had rocks in a closer vicinity to each other, there would be less chance of a high impact wave. Desiccation was also of particular concern on the day of sampling due to the very high temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. With this environmental pressure, Austrocochlea constricta have been known to cluster to conserve moisture (Underwood. . Chapman 2007), therefore we can assume for the higher abundance transects, the molluscs would have been clustered highly rocky creviced area. Going against the norm, there are those species that adapt to the harsh extreme of the high-shore, obtaining the least moisture and risking desiccation. The organisms that locate themselves in the high- mid intertidal zone, such as the Nodilittorina species, common name periwinkles, use their operculum as a ‘trap-door’ like structure to prevent desiccation in the low tide (Reid, 1989). As seen in both the type I and type II sampling in figure 2 6, the majority of the Nodilittorina species was found before 40m, however the peak abundance was seen to differ between type I and type II techniques by 30m. Due to the diverse range of altitudes of rocks found along the rocky shore of Flinders, this discrepancy could easily be accounted as a result of a high elevation of rock within a semi-moist area in the type I sampling, which portrayed the highest abundance of periwinkles at 0m. However, in light of this, this variation could also be a result of a type 1 error, in which the sample gathered was misconstrued or reported incorrectly. Although most species followed a pattern of some kind, samples from Siphonaria species were mirror opposites in the different sample techniques. In type I, as seen in figure 3, peak abundance occurred at the 20m transect and populations were rare after 45m. Opposing this pattern, type II samples indicated that populations were sparse before 60m with a peak abundance t 80m (figure 7). As with the Notilittorina species, this again can be attributed to the extremes of the environment taking place at varying zones in the intertidal region. The rocky shore can ensure that some discrepancy will occur due to elevated rocks, resident rock pools and therefore increased salinity in nearby areas, and the exposure to the sun. In most environments, random sampling is considered to be a true representation of a selected population. However, due to the combination of haphazard sampling and the varying microhabitats within an intertidal shore, it cannot be confirmed that the same conditions of each quadrat were used in both type I and type II techniques, hence a true representation of Siphonaria may not be possible. When focusing on the flora of rocky shores, it is important to note that while the same environmental stresses act upon plants, the respect in which they affect the plants differs from fauna. For ideal growing conditions, algal organisms require decreased emersion, increased moisture, and decreased temperature on a low tide (Underwood Jernakoff, 1981). However while the low tide only occurs twice daily, wave action associated with tide is essential for the existence of the algal. Wave action, while can result in the uprooting of the plant from the substrata, is also important in driving distribution, as it can alleviate desiccation (Lubchenco Menge,1978). Biotic factors also are imperative and influence species abundance significantly. As shown in previous studies of the east Australian coast, particular zones of the intertidal shore are occupied by distinct groups of organisms. In the lowest areas, foliose algae are seen to be copious. (Underwood Kennelly, 1990) However, in the mid-shore zone, encrusting algae, and the presence of gastropod grazers frequent the region (Underwood, 1981). This is reflected the results from Corraline Red in both the type I and type II sampling techniques (figure 4 8). Steadily increasing form 25m, the abundance percentage of coralline red was at its peak when the abundance of the mollusc grazers, Austrocochlea constricta, Notilittorina sp, Siphonaria sp, were at their lowest. Patterns of intertidal species are complex on both minute and larger scales. The patterns, caused from a range of environmental pressures, can change unpredictably and predictability over various time scales. The study at Flinders rocky shore indicated that generally, with decreasing height above sea level, there is increasing species diversity. The presence of algal grazers and physical stresses of living at intertidal regions are dominant causes of variation in the vertical distribution of floral and faunal species. Some environmental pressures particular for that day, such at temperature, may have skewed our results, as it accounts for a strong selective pressure as to which zones species reside. Although the sampling techniques covered a generous area and gave a somewhat true interpretation, the nature and physics of intertidal zones requires repeated surveying to ensure each quadrat for each equal metered transect has similar conditions Research Papers on Variation in Rocky Shore PopulationsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicWhere Wild and West Meet