Descartes Meditations Is The Beginning Of Western Philosophy

Descartes Meditations is the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings as still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ Meditations is followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not Descartes truly was able to successfully counter Hobbes’ objections. Hobbes wrote the third set of objections on all six of Descartes’ Meditations, and in some cases making multiple objections within one Meditation. Descartes’ first Meditation concerns those things that can be called into doubt. It is in this mediation that Descartes relays all of which he previously believed in his life that could be false. He, in turn, decides that it would be best if he forgo a ll of his beliefs that could be false and begin again by starting with more certain bases. Descartes discusses his belief that though the senses are what we base our most certain knowledge on, the senses can be deceptive; for example, we sense things in dreams just as we do when we are awake. Hobbes objects to this Meditation by saying if we leave out reason and only take into account our senses, then doubt is what follows; however, Plato had already come out with the idea of sensory deception as it applies to dreams, and so all Descartes isShow MoreRelatedDescartes and Hume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes was a skeptic, and thus he believed that in order for something to be considered a true piece of knowledge, that â€Å"knowledge must have a certain stability,† (Cottingham 21). 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ForRead MoreComparing The Matrix With Readings From Plato And Descartes1023 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and contrasting The Matrix with readings from Plato and Descartes This essay will discuss The Matrix, from synopsis of the following; The Republic by Plato, depicting the famous cave allegory, and Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, offering doubt that some senses are accurate. By examining these two readings, and the movie, it will allow the author to show some comparisons, and to show how they are also different as this essay indicates the world is very real. Read MoreThe Philosophy Of Descartes Meditations1698 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Meditations is said to be the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings are still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ meditations are followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not DescartesRead MoreTruth as the Goal of Philosophy Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesTruth as the Goal of Philosophy Truth is the goal of philosophy. Some philosophers, like David Hume, struggle with eliminating falsity, while others, like Rene Descartes, look for causes to explain effects. A cause and effect argument is called a causal argument. Descartes is interested in logic, one truth progressing to the next. Descartes gives a causal argument for the existence of God in Meditation III. He deals with the effect of the idea of absolute perfection in our minds and rationalizesRead More Descartes Method of Doubt Essay2584 Words   |  11 PagesDescartes Method of Doubt In this essay I will assess Descartess employment of his Method of Doubt, as presented in his Meditations on the First Philosophy [Descartes 1641]. I will argue that by implicitly accepting a causal model of perception, Descartes did not apply the Method of Doubt as fully as he could have. The Method of Doubt Descartess principal task in the Meditations was to devise a system that would bring him to the truth. He wanted to build a foundational philosophy;Read More How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised4647 Words   |  19 PagesHow Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of Pure Enquiry to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why DescartesRead MoreDreaming, By Rene Descartes1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people. Rene Descartes go in depth on this subject and his ideas on what dreaming is arguing that we cannot distinguish the difference between being awake and being asleep. That is a very bold statement and put in a seemingly simplistic way, recorded in his first meditations. What Descartes does is challenge our preconceived notions of dreaming and puts us in the frame of mind to answer for ourselves if we are dreaming right now or are we actually experiencing reality. Descartes makes us come faceRead MoreDreaming, By Rene Descartes1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people. Rene Descartes go in depth on this subject and his ideas on what dreaming is arguing that we cannot distinguish the difference between being awake and being asleep. That is a very bold statement and put in a seemingly simplistic way, recorded in his first meditations. What Descartes does is challenge o ur preconceived notions of dreaming and puts us in the frame of mind to answer for ourselves if we are dreaming right now or are we actually experiencing reality. Descartes makes us come faceRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As

Hall vs. Hilbun Essays - 734 Words

Module 06 Written Assignment Hall Vs. Hilbun Eliza B. Gray Rasmussen College Authors Note: This paper is being submitted on the 18th of March 2013 for the winter semester of Medical Law and Ethics section 05. Hall Vs. Hilbun The case of Hall versus Hilbun is a case in which an exploratory surgery was conducted to try to locate a possible blockage in the small bowel to alleviate abdominal pain. Mrs. Hall went into the hospital complaining of abdominal pain, upon being seen by doctors she was treated by a general surgeon by the name of Dr. Hilbun who stated he thought the pain was due to a blockage in the small bowel and thought an exploratory surgery was deemed appropriate for treatment. Mrs Hall consented to the surgery and at†¦show more content†¦Hilbun alleging that he failed to give attending nursing staff proper care instructions for Mrs. Hall nor had he provided her case with proper post-surgery follow up. Mr. Hall and her lawyers were able to find an expert witness by the name of Dr. Hoerr to provide testimony proving the alleged malpractice. During the trial Dr. Hoerr’s testimony was thrown out and deemed inaccurate due to the fact that he was not familiar with the local standard o f care a patient would receive from a different doctor in the general area. This case is extremely relevant to what is known as the four D’s of negligence; duty, dereliction, direct cause and damages. Duty is when a doctor and a patient have formed a relationship and said doctor has taken on the responsibility of taking care of the patient. Dereliction or failure to perform a duty, there must be some kind of proof that the doctor somehow neglected the doctor neglected the patient. Direct cause, there must be some kind of proof that what happened to the patient was a direct cause of how the doctor conducted himself or his failure to act which resulted in injury. Damages a patient must prove that harm was incurred by the direct result of the physicians actions. Upon reviewing the four D’s I think that it is clear that Mrs. Halls death was not a direct result of Dr. Hilbuns actions or lack of action. While the surgery did result in a sponge being left in Mrs. Hall’s abdomen that sponge did not directly result in

Binsey Poplars And Nutting Comparative Poetry Essay Example For Students

Binsey Poplars And Nutting Comparative Poetry Essay These lessons resonate soundly with modern readers who, due to increased awareness and education, tend to be more concerned with conservation than the poets contemporary readership. In Binges Poplars the poet laments the loss of the poplars that grew along the banks of the Thames, from Oxford to the small village of Binges which were felled in 1879. The poem is a dirge, an elegy for a landscape that Hopkins had known intimately while studying at Oxford, and thus its loss was keenly felt. The poem opens with My aspens dear The excessive pronoun MY and the adjective dear capture from the outset the poets sense of extreme personal loss his cherished and beloved trees are now All felled, felled, are all felled. This dramatic line, with its repetition of the pronoun All and the verb felled is powerful in its sense of grief and sorrow. All is an absolute term, and the triple structure combined with the monosyllabic words creates almost an onomatopoeic effect, the accented syllabic remini scent of the devastating repeated blows of an axe. Further, the alliterative f sound in Of a fresh and following folded ann. sounds crisp and energetic alive, like the trees. In addition, the personification of the trees effectively depicts them as if they are marching in formation tall, dignified and proud which makes the following line all the more distressing as they are: Not spared, not one, likening them to an entire army of soldiers obliterated. The repetition of the absolute determiner Not intensifies Hopkins sense of complete and utter destruction and devastation at the senseless massacre of the trees. The message is clarified in: After-comers cannot guess the beauty been. /Ten r twelve, only ten or twelve/Strokes of havoc unsolved. The poet states that the loss of these trees affects not only the present but also the future. The heavy plosive alliteration of beauty been, effectively captures a sense of finality the loss is irrevocable. Furthermore, the adverb only in only ten or twelve shows how quickly and easily we, humanity, can forever destroy the beauty of nature. The metaphorical Strokes of havoc is highly reminiscent of torture as one envisages lashes of a whip, an extraordinarily painful punishment inflicted on the innocent trees. The noun havoc is suggestive of chaos and disorder, and the employment of such highly emotive diction forces the reader to see the injustice, the criminality of such wanton destruction. Additionally as some critics have noted, the verb unsolved represents the idea of selling Hopkins view that the very being of a natural object is an expression of God. To unsolved thus reflects that even a slight alteration can cause a thing to cease to be what it most essentially is; thus, the whole countryside is unsolved by the loss of the trees, ceasing to be what God intended. Through the poets personal and dramatic portrayal of his loss, the reader is able to appreciate the importance of conservation nature is more than Just trees, it is spiritual and wondrous and should be cherished and valued as an expression of God. Wordsmiths Uniting, presents a recount of an experience from the poets childhood where an innocent Uniting adventure turns into an experience which teaches the poet a valuable and lasting lesson. The day began as heavenly and this powerful adjective immediately creates a magical and otherworldly feel to the situation. The ay sets off with his uniting crook in hand and sallies forth in search of hazelnuts. The verb sallied immediately sets a very purposeful tone, as if the boy is setting out on a noble quest or mission, almost reminiscent of a fairytale hero. However, he is described as force way through the woods until he reaches a dear nook/Unvisited. The verb forced has connotations of him imposing himself on his surroundings in a way that is overbearing and unwanted. The Unvisited nook is pristine virginal perfection, where not a broken bough/Drops with its withered eaves. Rather the hazels rose/Tall and erect, with milk-white clusters hung. The verb rose and the adjectives tall and erect make the trees seem strong, noble and proud, similar to the initial presentation of the trees in Binges Poplars. The milk-white clusters are symbolic of purity and innocence, contributing to his excited exclamation: A virgin scene! The boy stands transfixed, Breathing with such suppression of the heart/ As Joy delights in. The heart is the symbolic centre of all emotion and thus his actively suppress breathing, exacerbated by the intensifier such captures his almost disturbing level of excitement with regard to the purity of this scene. He ini tially banquet with wise restraint. This metaphor presents the scene as a whole as a delicious feast, the prospect of which he is savoring, captured in the adjective wise and noun restraint, which make it sound like it is an effort for him to maintain control, like the temptation may soon overpower him at this point, however, the reader has no idea that nature as a pure and divine force has ignited his insatiable desire to control and tame it. He savors he scene for as long as possible before finally succumbing to his rapacious primal urges. Suddenly he takes action, presented though the purposeful short monosyllabic clause: Then up I rose. The line break after rose is effective in delaying the reader slightly to further heighten the horror which the boy is about to unleash on the scene. He drag to earth both branch and bough and merciless ravage the entire scene. The verb drag is similar to the earlier verb forced which in hindsight foreshadows this display of destruction, dominance and devastation. The hard alliterative b sound in both branch and bough has a similar effect as the repetition of all and felled in Hopkins Binges Poplars in the sense that the repeated plosive captures the destruction in an auditory manner, like the sound of repeated blows. The adjective merciless and the noun ravage are also reminiscent of Hopkins poem in his presentation of the trees as an obliterated army, Not spared, not one. The boy attacks and wreaks havoc on the trees without mercy. The scene is now deformed and sullied beyond recognition, and has patiently succumbed its quiet being to his attack. The adjective sullied has connotations of defilement he has damaged the purity of the scene. The adverb patiently and adjective quiet are poignant in that they capture the inherent tranquility of this scene, abused and tainted by the boys rapacious desire to destroy the innocence of mother nature has been defiled. Edward VI - Young, Gifted and King EssayButler, these lines seem more like an invitation, an invitation for the dearest maiden whom he addresses to partake of the woods, to enjoy them, but not to disturb them. The imperative verb move is encouraging in tone. The respective noun and adjective gentleness and gentle are the poets guiding words he has learnt a valuable lesson which he wishes to share with her. The symbolic reference to heart is indicative of our feelings towards nature, in the sense that we should value nature in an emotional and spiritual sense, as an entity which should be treated with respect, similar to the sentiments presented by Hopkins. Gentle hand is a reference to how we interact with nature; how we must take care not to negatively assert our dominance over it in a way that is undesirable. The final line begins with another imperative verb: Touch, which is followed by both a comma and a dash, which creates an extended pause which allows the reader to let th e word, with its soft t, indicative of lightness, gentleness, caresses, sink in returning us to the initial reverence and wise restraint that had been practiced without understanding. Now the poet fully understands the respect and moderation required of them in their dealings with nature. The final clause, for there is a Spirit in the woods, again presents nature as a spiritual entity, which is further pronounced due to the capitalization of Spirit which makes nature seem alive, mystical and enigmatic. Similar to the ideas presented by Hopkins, the structure and form of Uniting is successful in teaching us to see nature as a pure and divine force which should be treated with great care and consideration. Further effective features employed by Hopkins in Binges Poplars are his use of forceful verbs, rhyme and punctuation. A fine example is exemplified in the lines O if we but knew what we do/When we delve or hew Hack and rack the growing green! The harsh monosyllabic verbs delve, hew, hack and rack are indicative of not only mans destructive influence, but also carry torturous connotations, emphasized further by the internal rhyme of Hack and rack. Furthermore, the poets placement of Hack at the beginning of the line places more emphasis on this violent and vehement verb which has connotations of a frenzied and bloody attack which he applies to the fate of the Binges Poplars, thus effectively condemning their obliteration. The use of the dash following hew before the line break is effective in creating an extended pause, which also contributes to the additional emphasis placed on the violent verb Hack. The exclamation mark following the alliterative growing green! Is effective in u pturning the poets indignation with regard to the loss of the trees. The verb growing, presented in the continuous tense reminds the reader of the fact that nature is not inanimate it is alive and thus it is sinful to destroy it. Additionally, the adjective green is symbolic of health, life, growth and vitality. Clearly this is a poem that examines nature from an ecological point of view. The often heartless industrialization of the nineteenth century prompted Hopkins and others to contemplate what was being lost to cutting and clearing. Hopkins notes how quickly ND unexpectedly such destruction in the name of progress can take place and sees the irony in the finality of such hasty, heedless action. In Uniting, in contrast to Binges Poplars, Wordsmith employs language and techniques to create not only a feeling of intimacy between the boy and his surroundings but also to further develop the virginity of the scene before its untimely destruction. The boy sits beneath the tree and plays with the flowers. Flowers symbolize beauty and vibrancy, life and love. The verb playa sounds harmless, innocent, youthful at this point the boy is imply interacting with the scene. However, critic Adam L. Forsyth has suggested that the flowers symbolize virginity and that the boy play with them, in the active voice is forewarning of the figurative rape of the scene which follows. Also, the boy feels blessed/With sudden happiness beyond all hope. The adjective blessed and the noun happiness presented in the hyperbole are indicative of a complete state of blissful contentment. The narrative then moves into fantasy as the boy imagines fairy water-breaks which murmur on/For ever. This move into the mystical, which s supported by the soft onomatopoeic murmur and the tranquil hyperbole For ever, makes it seem like the scene is some sort of mythical utopia. The boy feels like he sees the sparkling foam, with the adjective sparkling creating a magical and glittering twinkle which gives the scene a sense of brilliance. He places his cheek on green stone fleece d with moss, beneath the shady trees that L round scattered like a flock of sheep. At this point the boy seems at one with the scene as his cheek lies on a green stone, which reflects his apparent closeness with nature. The metaphor fleeced with moss makes the stone seem soft, peaceful, comforting. Furthermore the simile, which compares the trees to a flock of sheep is effective in that this is a pastoral image which has connotations of peace and calm. The boy hears the murmur and the murmuring sounds, and this repetition creates a sort o lulling, lullaby effect which creates an effective contrast with the imminence of the boys sudden compulsion to destroy. Wordsmiths use of this plethora of technique is effective in terms of Juxtaposing the boys deep appreciation of the scene with his seduction of it, which shocks the reader in its intense violence.

Tony Kytes the arch

Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver by Thomas Hardy Essay This Short story is about a deceiver named Tony Kytes. Tony Kytes is person who deceives three women. Milly Richards, Unity Sallet and Hannah Joliver. The story begins in the countryside with Kytes riding his horse and wagon until he comes upon a maid-Unity Sallet who he takes on the wagon and gives her a ride. She asks Tony why she ever went out with Milly. Tony saw and admired how nice she looked, he then promised Unity marriage and asked her to hide in the wagon as he saw Milly coming his way. He gave Milly a ride and both spoke about the future. He again told Milly to hide, as the maid coming was a bride he was supposed to marry but rejected her. He then took that maid-Hannah Joliver and then they started talking of how beautiful they were and Kytes promised yet again marriage. Soon he saw his father in the fields and told him about the mess he caught himself in. soon the three maids found about each other in the wagon and they started to quarrel. We will write a custom essay on Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver by Thomas Hardy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tony came up and said to the three that he will only marry Hannah but this time she rejected as she cut herself and the he said to Unity to be his bride, she too rejected because she wanted to be asked first and following from what his dad said he ended up with Milly whom he was first with and Milly forgave him. Tony is an arch-deceiver, he deceives three women and ends up marrying the first maid whom he was suppose to marry anyway. His face is described as a round, tight firm face. We know that Tony was good looking but thinks his face has been spoilt by a seam here and there left by the small pox, these are scars, which he had by the small pox. The book quotes when he is flirting with one of the maids, we also know that he is easily flattened as Unity tells Tony some home truths, and youve never seen anything in me to complain about have ye Tony? Now tell me the truth. Here Tony was struck as he looks up to Unity and saw how beautiful she was, although this is true Tony is able to flatten people himself as for example Hannah, Milly and Unity. Tony is also conceits, he was shocked when he was rejected by Hannah and Unity as it says what you wont have me Hannah The book writes a simile of how Tony may have looked, and Tony looking like trees struck by lighting. Tony shows himself as a flirt as he goes, that I will darling and goes on to say, you dont suppose I could refuse ee? , he spoke this out to Unity Sallet as she was the first maid to come upon Tony. The setting of the story is in the early 19th century, although this is not mentioned in the story we know that it was set then because Tony had the marks of the small pox, which happened in the duration of his time. Another part of the story helps us in the setting as Milly was wearing a feather in her hat and women rarely wear hats except for purpose occasions such as weddings or funerals etc. We have evidence that it was then as it was set in the countryside for one reason and the second was Tony was riding a horse and wagon. This is sufficient evidence to back my work up. .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .postImageUrl , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:visited , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:active { border:0!important; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:active , .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00 .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59fcac81e1e42d3e9b7c7f9f7a881f00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay Compare and was driving home the wagon in the afternoon, this quote does not actually tell us that it was pulled by a horse or not, but near the end of the piece just before he was about to pick up Hannah it says, and he reigned the horse and waited till shed come downstairs. This proves that the story was set in the 19th century. Thomas Hardy uses a typical dialect and accent to produce a normal but realistic character. The difference between an accent and a dialect is that an accent produces a different pronunciation of words. Hardy uses a lot of shortened words such as it was to twas. He also physically changed a physical word from you to thee and unusual to onusual. Thomas Hardy also uses bad grammar. We have an example of how uses bad grammar in his book of Tony Kytes the arch-deceiver. It quotes in the book had it badish. Instead of using correct English he decides to twist the language to his satisfactory. Dialect is also used in the story. Dialect is when you use a word, which would only be understood in one part of the country. Tony is said to use dialect near the end of the story where he is with his father and he says that he is in a nunny watch. This means he is in a bit pf a state (a mess). In the story Tony Kytes The Arch-Deceiver there is quite a bit of humour. The story starts of with humour when he sings rude song in a religious manner. This amuses you as he turns a normal song and sings it like a hymn. The main part of the story is very humorous as when you see that Tony comes pass and decides to give a lift (ride) to his ex-girlfriend and his soon to be wife comes on the scene and he tells Unity to hide in the wagon. He then chats to Milly then she hides as another maid came a person who he rejected for marriage came. This is very funny as three women came upon Tony and two hide. In the end I dont think Tony should have the privilege to take on any of the three maids on for marriage of what he did to Milly but she decided to go back to him. Tony does not really deserve anybody. Farhaan Mahamood Tony Kytes The Arch-Deceiver English Coursework 1 Mrs Kenworthy.